JTS MS 10705
Five parchment leaves from 1 and 2 Kings in early Italian square Hebrew hand, dating to the 11th–12th century — among the oldest surviving Italian Bible manuscripts. Written in three columns of thirty lines, frame-ruled in hard point, with masoretic notes in the margins. The vocalization deviates from standard Tiberian convention in distinctive archaic ways — dagesh rafeh in aleph, dagesh lene and rafeh in non-begedkefet consonants, the shin/sin dot inside the letter rather than on top — features documented by Pilocane (2002) as characteristic of pre-standardized Italian biblical orthography. Recovered from binding waste in the Modenese archives.